Serotonin syndrome is the clinical manifestation of excess serotonin in the central nervous system, resulting from the therapeutic use or overdose of serotonergic drugs. Characterised by a triad of clinical features: neuromuscular excitation, autonomic effects, and altered mental status. Better d... Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a life-threatening complication of treatment with dopamine antagonists, or occasionally abrupt withdrawal of dopamine agonists. Carcinoid syndrome commonly presents with flushing and diarrhoea. Other clinical features include wheeze, palpitations, telangiectasia, and abdominal pain. Symptoms develop due to secretion of serotonin, kinins, and other biogenic amines from functional secretory neuroendocrine tumours. Diagnosed... Amfetamine overdose represents a large burden of dependency and toxicity worldwide, stemming from both legitimate and recreational ingestion of amfetamine and its derivatives by nearly 36 million users annually. Overdose and toxicity strike inconsistently among new, occasional, chronic, and binge... Normal pressure hydrocephalus is characterised by the clinical features of hydrocephalus (i.e., levodopa-unresponsive gait apraxia with or without cognitive impairment or urinary symptoms), but without significantly raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Cannot be reliably diagnosed using neuroimag... Serotonin syndrome is a bad reaction to a substance called serotonin. It happens when someone gets too much serotonin from certain medicines. Serotonin is found in some medicines including antidepressants and migraine treatments. An opioid is a synthetic or natural agent that stimulates opioid receptors and produces opium-like effects. Opiates are a type of opioid that are naturally derived from the opium poppy (e.g., codeine, morphine, opium). They are used to treat pain but may also be misused because of their euphoric effects. Naturally derived opiates are commonly misused alongside semisynthetic and synthetic ... Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) is a condition caused by gastrin-producing neuroendocrine tumour that causes gastric acid hypersecretion and peptic ulcer disease. Can be sporadic or associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 1. Common presentation includes refractory peptic ulcer... The average amount of time that lapses between onset of symptoms and appropriate treatment is 17 years. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), in the form of exposure and response prevention alone or in combination with a selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) or clomipramine, is a first-line therapy. Carcinoid syndrome commonly presents with flushing and diarrhea. Other clinical features include wheeze, palpitations, telangiectasia, and abdominal pain. Symptoms develop due to secretion of serotonin, kinins, and other biogenic amines from functional secretory neuroendocrine tumors. Diagnosed by elevated levels of urinary 5 ...
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